总结java线程基础知识
void notify() Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object’s monitor. 译:唤醒在此对象监视器上等待的单个线程
void notifyAll() Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object’s monitor. 译:唤醒在此对象监视器上等待的所有线程
void wait( ) Causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll( ) method for this object. 译:导致当前的线程等待,直到其他线程调用此对象的notify( ) 方法或 notifyAll( ) 方法
void wait(long timeout) Causes the current thread to wait until either another thread invokes the notify( ) method or the notifyAll( ) method for this object, or a specified amount of time has > elapsed. 译:导致当前的线程等待,直到其他线程调用此对象的notify() 方法或 notifyAll() 方法,或者指定的时间过完。
void wait(long timeout, int nanos) Causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the notify( ) method or the notifyAll( ) method for this object, or some other thread interrupts the current > thread, or a certain amount of real time has elapsed. 译:导致当前的线程等待,直到其他线程调用此对象的notify( ) 方法或 notifyAll( ) 方法,或者其他线程打断了当前线程,或者指定的时间过完。
public class WaitAndNotify {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object co = new Object();
System.out.println(co);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
MyThread t = new MyThread("Thread" + i, co);
t.start();
}
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
System.out.println("-----Main Thread notify-----");
synchronized (co) {
co.notify();
}
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
System.out.println("Main Thread is end.");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
static class MyThread extends Thread {
private String name;
private Object co;
public MyThread(String name, Object o) {
this.name = name;
this.co = o;
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(name + " is waiting.");
try {
synchronized (co) {
co.wait();
}
System.out.println(name + " has been notified.");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
运行结果:
java.lang.Object@1540e19d
Thread1 is waiting.
Thread2 is waiting.
Thread0 is waiting.
Thread3 is waiting.
Thread4 is waiting.
-----Main Thread notify-----
Thread1 has been notified.
Main Thread is end.
将其中的那个notify换成notifyAll,运行结果:
Thread0 is waiting.
Thread1 is waiting.
Thread2 is waiting.
Thread3 is waiting.
Thread4 is waiting.
-----Main Thread notifyAll-----
Thread4 has been notified.
Thread2 has been notified.
Thread1 has been notified.
Thread3 has been notified.
Thread0 has been notified.
Main Thread is end.
运行环境jdk8,结论:
notify唤醒一个等待的线程;notifyAll唤醒所有等待的线程。
假设有一个公共的容量有限的池子,有两种人,一种是生产者,另一种是消费者。需要满足如下条件: 1、生产者产生资源往池子里添加,前提是池子没有满,如果池子满了,则生产者暂停生产,直到自己的生成能放下池子。 2、消费者消耗池子里的资源,前提是池子的资源不为空,否则消费者暂停消耗,进入等待直到池子里有资源数满足自己的需求。
public interface AbstractStorage {
void consume(int num);
void produce(int num);
}
import java.util.LinkedList;
/**
* 生产者和消费者的问题
* wait、notify/notifyAll() 实现
*/
public class Storage1 implements AbstractStorage {
//仓库最大容量
private final int MAX_SIZE = 100;
//仓库存储的载体
private LinkedList list = new LinkedList();
//生产产品
public void produce(int num){
//同步
synchronized (list){
//仓库剩余的容量不足以存放即将要生产的数量,暂停生产
while(list.size()+num > MAX_SIZE){
System.out.println("【要生产的产品数量】:" + num + "\t【库存量】:"
+ list.size() + "\t暂时不能执行生产任务!");
try {
//条件不满足,生产阻塞
list.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
for(int i=0;i<num;i++){
list.add(new Object());
}
System.out.println("【已经生产产品数】:" + num + "\t【现仓储量为】:" + list.size());
list.notifyAll();
}
}
//消费产品
public void consume(int num){
synchronized (list){
//不满足消费条件
while(num > list.size()){
System.out.println("【要消费的产品数量】:" + num + "\t【库存量】:"
+ list.size() + "\t暂时不能执行消费任务!");
try {
list.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//消费条件满足,开始消费
for(int i=0;i<num;i++){
list.remove();
}
System.out.println("【已经消费产品数】:" + num + "\t【现仓储量为】:" + list.size());
list.notifyAll();
}
}
}
public class Producer extends Thread{
//每次生产的数量
private int num ;
//所属的仓库
public AbstractStorage abstractStorage;
public Producer(AbstractStorage abstractStorage){
this.abstractStorage = abstractStorage;
}
public void setNum(int num){
this.num = num;
}
// 线程run函数
@Override
public void run()
{
produce(num);
}
// 调用仓库Storage的生产函数
public void produce(int num)
{
abstractStorage.produce(num);
}
}
public class Consumer extends Thread{
// 每次消费的产品数量
private int num;
// 所在放置的仓库
private AbstractStorage abstractStorage1;
// 构造函数,设置仓库
public Consumer(AbstractStorage abstractStorage1)
{
this.abstractStorage1 = abstractStorage1;
}
// 线程run函数
public void run()
{
consume(num);
}
// 调用仓库Storage的生产函数
public void consume(int num)
{
abstractStorage1.consume(num);
}
public void setNum(int num){
this.num = num;
}
}
public class Test{
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 仓库对象
AbstractStorage abstractStorage = new Storage1();
// 生产者对象
Producer p1 = new Producer(abstractStorage);
Producer p2 = new Producer(abstractStorage);
Producer p3 = new Producer(abstractStorage);
Producer p4 = new Producer(abstractStorage);
Producer p5 = new Producer(abstractStorage);
Producer p6 = new Producer(abstractStorage);
Producer p7 = new Producer(abstractStorage);
// 消费者对象
Consumer c1 = new Consumer(abstractStorage);
Consumer c2 = new Consumer(abstractStorage);
Consumer c3 = new Consumer(abstractStorage);
// 设置生产者产品生产数量
p1.setNum(10);
p2.setNum(10);
p3.setNum(10);
p4.setNum(10);
p5.setNum(10);
p6.setNum(10);
p7.setNum(80);
// 设置消费者产品消费数量
c1.setNum(50);
c2.setNum(20);
c3.setNum(30);
// 线程开始执行
c1.start();
c2.start();
c3.start();
p1.start();
p2.start();
p3.start();
p4.start();
p5.start();
p6.start();
p7.start();
}
}
更简洁的生产者-消费者代码
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* Simple Java program to demonstrate How to use wait, notify and notifyAll()
* method in Java by solving producer consumer problem.
*
* @author Javin Paul
*/
public class ProducerConsumerInJava {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("How to use wait and notify method in Java");
System.out.println("Solving Producer Consumper Problem");
Queue<Integer> buffer = new LinkedList<>();
int maxSize = 10;
Thread producer = new Producer(buffer, maxSize, "PRODUCER");
Thread consumer = new Consumer(buffer, maxSize, "CONSUMER");
producer.start();
consumer.start();
}
}
/**
* Producer Thread will keep producing values for Consumer
* to consumer. It will use wait() method when Queue is full
* and use notify() method to send notification to Consumer
* Thread.
*
* @author WINDOWS 8
*
*/
class Producer extends Thread
{
private Queue<Integer> queue;
private int maxSize;
public Producer(Queue<Integer> queue, int maxSize, String name){
super(name);
this.queue = queue;
this.maxSize = maxSize;
}
@Override
public void run()
{
while (true){
synchronized (queue) {
while (queue.size() == maxSize) {
try {
System.out .println("Queue is full, " + "Producer thread waiting for " + "consumer to take something from queue");
queue.wait();
} catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
Random random = new Random();
int i = random.nextInt();
System.out.println("Producing value : " + i);
queue.add(i);
queue.notifyAll();
}
}
}
}
/**
* Consumer Thread will consumer values form shared queue.
* It will also use wait() method to wait if queue is
* empty. It will also use notify method to send
* notification to producer thread after consuming values
* from queue.
*
* @author WINDOWS 8
*
*/
class Consumer extends Thread {
private Queue<Integer> queue;
private int maxSize;
public Consumer(Queue<Integer> queue, int maxSize, String name){
super(name);
this.queue = queue;
this.maxSize = maxSize;
}
@Override public void run() {
while (true) {
synchronized (queue) {
while (queue.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Queue is empty," + "Consumer thread is waiting" + " for producer thread to put something in queue");
try {
queue.wait();
} catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("Consuming value : " + queue.remove()); queue.notifyAll();
}
}
}
}
a. 如果在未持有对象锁的情况下调用object.wait()/notify(),直接会报错,JDK已经做好保护。
b. 判断条件与wait()方法分为两个步骤,在不加锁的情况下,假设thread1在执行到两个步骤中间的时候thread2执行了条件设置和nofity()方法,那thread1的wait就错过了notify通知。
通过互斥锁来保证wait()/notify()之间的先后顺序,才能保证wait不会错过notify,从而导致wait线程一直挂着。
a. wait()方法告诉当前线程释放监视器(monitor)并将线程放入等待队列,直到其它线程进入相同的监视器(monitor)并调用nodify()
b. notify()唤醒在这个对象的监视器(monitor)上等待的单个线程
c. 这两个方法是线程之间通信的方式,都是monitor级别的方法,monitor是关联到Object的而不是Thread的(所有对象都有监视器monitor)
d. 如果仅仅在Thread中提供这两种方法,那一个线程必须知道其它线程的状态,其它线程在等待哪些资源,这样才能(调用thread2.nofity())通知它们去获取这些资源,然而在java里面线程之间是无法互相知道对方状态的
Java多线程学习之wait、notify/notifyAll 详解
为什么wait,notify和notifyAll要与synchronized一起使用?
Why must wait() always be in synchronized block
How can the wait() and notify() methods be called on Objects that are not threads?
总结java线程基础知识
Runnable
接口推荐这种方式
class RunnableDemo implements Runnable {
private Thread t;
private String threadName;
RunnableDemo( String name) {
threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running " + threadName );
try {
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
// 让线程睡眠一会
Thread.sleep(50);
}
}catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " exiting.");
}
public void start () {
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );
if (t == null) {
t = new Thread (this, threadName);
t.start ();
}
}
}
public class TestThread {
public static void main(String args[]) {
RunnableDemo R1 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-1");
R1.start();
RunnableDemo R2 = new RunnableDemo( "Thread-2");
R2.start();
}
}
Thread
类本身不推荐这种方式,原因是继承Thread类就无法继承其它类,而实现Runnable接口之后,还可以继承其它类
class ThreadDemo extends Thread {
private Thread t;
private String threadName;
ThreadDemo( String name) {
threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName );
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Running " + threadName );
try {
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
// 让线程睡眠一会
Thread.sleep(50);
}
}catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + " exiting.");
}
public void start () {
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName );
if (t == null) {
t = new Thread (this, threadName);
t.start ();
}
}
}
public class TestThread {
public static void main(String args[]) {
ThreadDemo T1 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread-1");
T1.start();
ThreadDemo T2 = new ThreadDemo( "Thread-2");
T2.start();
}
}
Callable
配合 Future
或者 FutureTask
创建线程a) Runnable/Thread的问题 通过实现Runnable接口或者继承Thread类这两种方式来启动线程都有个问题,就是无法获取执行结果,实现Callable接口可以解决这个问题
b) Callable 一般配合ExecutorService来使用,通过泛型参数来定义返回的数据类型,ExecutorService提供的submit方法可以执行Callable实例(任务)
<T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
c) Future返回的Future
对象提供了一些有用的方法,其中包含获取执行结果的get方法
- cancel方法用来取消任务,如果取消任务成功则返回true,如果取消任务失败则返回false。参数mayInterruptIfRunning表示是否允许取消正在执行却没有执行完毕的任务,如果设置true,则表示可以取消正在执行过程中的任务。如果任务已经完成,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,此方法肯定返回false,即如果取消已经完成的任务会返回false;如果任务正在执行,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为true,则返回true,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为false,则返回false;如果任务还没有执行,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,肯定返回true
- isCancelled方法表示任务是否被取消成功,如果在任务正常完成前被取消成功,则返回 true
- isDone方法表示任务是否已经完成,若任务完成,则返回true
- get()方法用来获取执行结果,该方法会产生阻塞,直到结果返回
- get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)用来获取执行结果,如果在指定时间内,还没获取到结果,就抛出异常
d) FutureTask
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>{} public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {}
实现Runnable无法返回执行结果,实现Callable无法直接通过Thread包装执行(只能提交给ExecutorService执行) 而FutureTask兼顾两者优点
FutureTask futureTask = new FutureTask(new Callable<String>() { @Override public String call() throws Exception { long b = new Date().getTime(); System.out.println("call begin " + b); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) { sb.append(i).append(","); } System.out.println("call end " + (new Date().getTime() - b)); return sb.toString(); } }) ); // 使用futureTask创建一个线程 new Thread(futureTask).start();
//Callable+Future方式获取执行结果
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Task task = new Task();
Future<Integer> future = executorService.submit(task);
executorService.shutdown();
System.out.println("主线程在执行任务...");
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch(InterruptedException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
try {
System.out.println("task运行结果:"+future.get());
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
}
}
class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("子线程在执行任务...");
//模拟任务耗时
Thread.sleep(5000);
return 1000;
}
}
//Callable+FutureTask方式获取执行结果
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Task task = new Task();
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);
executorService.submit(futureTask);
executorService.shutdown();
System.out.println("主线程在执行任务...");
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
try {
System.out.println("task运行结果:"+futureTask.get());
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
}
}
class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("子线程在执行任务...");
//模拟任务耗时
Thread.sleep(5000);
return 1000;
}
}
作用: 让父线程等待执行该方法的线程结束之后才能继续运行
底层调用的是wait方法
// 父线程
public class Parent extends Thread {
public void run() {
Child child = new Child();
child.start();
child.join();
// ...
}
}
// 子线程
public class Child extends Thread {
public void run() {
// ...
}
}
//在 Parent 调用 child.join() 后,child 子线程正常运行,Parent 父线程会等待 child 子线程结束后再继续运行
Java线程中的Thread.yield( )方法,译为线程让步。顾名思义,就是说当一个线程使用了这个方法之后,它就会把自己CPU执行的时间让掉,让自己或者其它的线程运行,注意是让自己或者其他线程运行,并不是单纯的让给其他线程。
yield()的作用是让步。它能让当前线程由“运行状态”进入到“就绪状态”,从而让其它具有相同优先级的等待线程获取执行权;但是,并不能保证在当前线程调用yield()之后,其它具有相同优先级的线程就一定能获得执行权;也有可能是当前线程又进入到“运行状态”继续运行!
举个例子:一帮朋友在排队上公交车,轮到Yield的时候,他突然说:我不想先上去了,咱们大家来竞赛上公交车。然后人就一块冲向公交车,有可能是其他人先上车了,也有可能是Yield先上车了。
但是线程是有优先级的,优先级越高的人,就一定能第一个上车吗?这是不一定的,优先级高的人仅仅只是第一个上车的概率大了一点而已,最终第一个上车的,也有可能是优先级最低的人。并且所谓的优先级执行,是在大量执行次数中才能体现出来的。
Java线程共有5中状态,分别为:新建(new)、就绪(runnable)、运行(running)、堵塞(blocked)、死亡(dead)。
注:
- 上图运行中、就绪状态要调换一下位置
- 超时等待翻译为定时等待比较好理解
在Java中有两类线程:User Thread(用户线程)、Daemon Thread(守护线程)
只要当前JVM实例中尚存在任何一个非守护线程没有结束,守护线程就全部工作;只有当最后一个非守护线程结束时,守护线程随着JVM一同结束工作。
(1) thread.setDaemon(true)必须在thread.start()之前设置,否则会抛出一个IllegalThreadStateException异常。你不能把正在运行的常规线程设置为守护线程。 (2) 在Daemon线程中产生的新线程也是Daemon的。 (3) 不要认为所有的应用都可以分配给Daemon来进行服务,比如读写操作或者计算逻辑。因为你不可能知道在所有的User完成之前,Daemon是否已经完成了预期的服务任务。一旦User退出了,可能大量数据还没有来得及读入或写出,计算任务也可能多次运行结果不一样。这对程序是毁灭性的。造成这个结果理由就是,一旦所有User Thread离开了,虚拟机也就退出运行了。